PUPPETS: ART AND AMUSEMENT
“A puppet must always be more than his live counterpart—simpler, sadder, more wicked, more supple …an essence and an emphasis,” said Bil Baird, master puppeteer.
Puppets, universally appealing, poke fun, chase one another in hilarious synchrony, argue with authority and communicate clearly with and without words. They confront human fears and conflicts, improvise, problem solve and move audiences to new worlds. Puppets accomplish feats no humans dare try; soaring through the air, swimming the ocean, metamorphosing before our eyes. They seem to listen to one another, feel emotion and think.
Yet, puppets of every variety are inanimate objects until brought to life by the skill of the performer. Then, the puppet becomes an actor and creates the illusion of life through gesture, movement, sound and color. A puppet show is a complete theatrical experience. Audiences of all ages delight in sharing this imagined world.
The size and type of puppet is determined by the concept of the show. Are the characters human or abstract? Is the show designed for adults or children, a large or small stage? Is the script farce, fantasy, folktale? Is the content classical, historical, avant-garde?
Professional puppeteers may animate only their bare hands or found objects, but most often manipulate carefully crafted puppets. Puppet materials include fabric, papier mache, celastic, styrofoam, Pariscraft, wood and metal. Puppeteers continually experiment with new designs and wares.
Here are a few of the more popular styles of puppets:
Marionettes are jointed, often carved of wood, moved by strings and the weight of gravity from a bar structure. Puppeteers manipulate the stringed figures from a bridge above the stage. Marionettes appear in large theater pieces and opera as well as cabaret and children’s stories.
Hand Puppets, designed to cover the hand and forearm, are among the most popular and versatile. Some are simple, crafted from scrap and everyday items. Many are elaborate, boasting meticulously sculpted faces and exquisite costumes. All appear on puppet stages of various sizes and shapes, with backdrops and stage sets, lighting and music. A few puppeteers carry their stages on their backs in informal walk-around shows. Hand puppets are vital tools in education and therapy for children.
Rod Puppets, more easily seen from a distance, are bigger than hand puppets. They are held by a center rod through the puppet. Puppeteers manipulate auxiliary rods attached to long, jointed limbs, which allow for expansive gesture. A popular variation is the combination hand and rod puppet.
Shadow Puppets, originally from the East, are flat, opaque or colored transparent figures, some intricate, guided by slender rods from behind a carefully backlighted screen. Audiences see the magical effects of fluid movement and distorted silhouettes, which heighten the drama. Shadow shows range from intimate children’s folk tales to mammoth screened accompaniments for symphony orchestras.
Puppeteers do not stint in the preparation necessary to create illusion. Puppet sizes and styles may vary within the same show as long as the performance is “of one piece.” To satisfy perspective, shows often feature the same puppet character in a range of sizes, from tiny to life-sized. To make stage business more effective, puppeteers may also create puppets of the same character in different styles even if the character appears for only a few seconds in its new guise. Each of the additional puppets has the same face and costume as the original. Careful attention to detail helps create the magic.
Whether puppets are articulated by hand, rod, string or wire, audiences are enthralled. Puppets, in the hands of master puppeteers, communicate to us, reach to our souls and transport us to their world.

